Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

Chapter Overview: Population – Distribution, Density, Growth, and Composition

Book: Geography – Part I

Subject: CBSE Class 12 Geography

Chapter Focus: This chapter explores the distribution, density, growth, and composition of the population of India. It highlights the spatial patterns of population, factors influencing population distribution, the concept of population density, and the historical and contemporary trends in population growth. The chapter also examines the demographic composition, including age structure, sex ratio, literacy rate, and urbanization.

About the Chapter: Understanding Population Dynamics in India

India is the second-most populous country in the world, with a population that is diverse in terms of religion, culture, language, and ethnicity. This chapter provides an overview of the factors that influence the distribution and growth of India’s population, examining spatial and temporal variations in population patterns across the country. It also looks at how different social, economic, and environmental factors shape the demographic composition and growth rates.

The chapter emphasizes the need for understanding population trends in India, as they have significant implications for economic development, urbanization, resource management, and social policies.

Key Themes of the Chapter:

1. Population Distribution:

Uneven Distribution: Population distribution in India is highly uneven, with some regions being densely populated, while others have relatively low population densities. For example, states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal have high population densities, while regions like Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and the northeastern states have lower densities.

Physical Factors: Natural features such as climate, topography, and the availability of water resources significantly influence population distribution. Fertile plains, such as the Indo-Gangetic Plain, tend to have higher population concentrations, while mountainous or arid regions tend to have lower populations.

Human Factors: Economic opportunities, infrastructure development, political stability, and historical settlement patterns also influence where people live. Urban areas with better employment opportunities, such as Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata, attract larger populations.

2. Population Density:

Concept of Density: Population density refers to the number of people living per unit area, often measured in people per square kilometer. It provides insight into the pressure placed on land and resources in a given area.

High and Low Density Areas: Some areas in India, such as Delhi and the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, have high population densities, while others, like the Thar Desert and parts of the Himalayan region, have low densities. Factors such as agricultural productivity, climatic conditions, and economic development contribute to these variations.

Regional Differences: The chapter discusses the varying population densities across states and union territories, with northern and eastern states generally exhibiting higher densities compared to southern and western regions.

3. Population Growth:

Growth Rate: Population growth refers to the increase in the number of people over a period of time. India’s population growth has been influenced by various factors, including birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns.

Historical Growth: The chapter traces India’s population growth from ancient times to the present. It highlights the impact of colonial policies, medical advancements, and agricultural changes on population trends. After independence, India’s population growth accelerated, primarily due to improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition.

Declining Growth Rates: Despite high population numbers, India has seen a decline in the growth rate due to the implementation of family planning programs, increasing literacy, and urbanization. The chapter discusses the stages of demographic transition that India is experiencing and the challenges of managing population growth.

4. Population Composition:

Age Structure: The age structure of a population refers to the distribution of people of different age groups. India has a large proportion of its population in the working-age group (15-59 years), which presents both opportunities and challenges for economic development.

Sex Ratio: The sex ratio, which measures the number of females per 1,000 males, is an important demographic indicator. India’s sex ratio has been influenced by factors such as gender discrimination, infant mortality rates, and cultural preferences. The chapter discusses the regional variations in the sex ratio and the implications for society.

Literacy Rate: The literacy rate reflects the proportion of the population that can read and write. Literacy levels in India show significant regional variation, with southern states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu having higher literacy rates compared to northern and central regions. Education is key to improving overall socio-economic development.

Urbanization: The chapter discusses the growing trend of urbanization in India, as more people migrate from rural areas to cities in search of employment and better living conditions. This urban migration leads to the growth of metropolitan areas, contributing to increased pressure on infrastructure, housing, and resources.

5. Challenges of Population Growth:

Resource Management: Rapid population growth places significant pressure on natural resources, including land, water, and energy. Managing resources efficiently to meet the needs of a growing population is a critical challenge for India.

Employment and Poverty: The growing population increases the demand for jobs, and there is often insufficient employment opportunities for all. Unemployment and underemployment, especially among youth, are major concerns in the face of rapid population growth.

Health and Education: The population’s increasing needs for healthcare and education services challenge the existing infrastructure. Ensuring access to quality healthcare and education for all, particularly in rural and marginalized areas, is a priority for India’s development.

Major Features of the Period:

Sources and Interpretation:

Census Data: The Census of India, conducted every ten years, is a primary source of information on population size, distribution, density, and composition. The data provides insights into demographic trends and helps in planning for the future.

National Family Health Survey (NFHS): The NFHS provides data on health indicators, including fertility rates, infant mortality rates, and the use of family planning methods, offering valuable information for understanding population dynamics.

Government Policies: Government policies, such as the National Population Policy, family planning initiatives, and urbanization strategies, are key to managing population growth. These policies aim to address the challenges posed by rapid population growth and ensure sustainable development.

Population Distribution:

Factors Influencing Distribution: Population distribution in India is influenced by both physical and human factors. Fertile river valleys and plains, such as those in the Ganga-Brahmaputra region, support dense populations, while areas like the Thar Desert and the Himalayan region remain sparsely populated due to harsh climatic conditions.

Urban vs. Rural Distribution: There is a significant rural-urban divide in population distribution. While urban areas have grown rapidly in recent decades, rural areas continue to house a large portion of India’s population. The chapter explores the factors driving urban migration and the implications of rapid urbanization.

Population Density:

Regional Variations: Some states, such as West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar, have high population densities due to historical factors, fertile lands, and economic opportunities, whereas states like Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim have lower population densities due to mountainous terrain and less fertile land.

Implications of High Density: High population density in certain areas leads to overcrowding, resource scarcity, and environmental degradation. Managing this density through effective urban planning and infrastructure development is critical.

Population Growth:

Growth Trends: After India’s independence, the country experienced rapid population growth, largely due to improved healthcare and medical advancements. However, the chapter notes the decline in growth rates due to family planning policies and improved access to contraception and education.

Future Projections: The population of India is projected to continue growing, though at a slower pace. The chapter explores the implications of this growth for India’s future development and sustainability.

Population Composition:

Age Structure: India’s age structure is young, with a large proportion of the population under 30 years of age. This demographic dividend provides both opportunities and challenges for the economy, as there is a need for education, employment, and social services for this large youth population.

Sex Ratio: The sex ratio in India has shown improvement over time but remains skewed in many regions. Efforts to address gender inequality and improve the status of women are critical to achieving demographic balance.

Urbanization: India’s population is increasingly becoming urbanized, with significant migration from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities. This urbanization has led to the rapid expansion of cities and the emergence of mega-cities with significant population pressures.

Key Historians & Contributions:

M. D. Morris: His work on population studies in India examines the factors influencing population growth and distribution, particularly in the context of urbanization and economic development.

Irfan Habib: Habib’s research on Indian population trends explores historical patterns of migration and settlement and the long-term implications of population changes on India’s development.

S. M. Dube: His studies focus on rural population dynamics and the socio-economic factors that influence rural-urban migration in India.

Important Terminology:

Population Density: The number of people living per unit of area, usually per square kilometer.

Demographic Transition: The shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops.

Census: A systematic collection of data about the population, including size, distribution, and composition, usually conducted every ten years.

Urbanization: The process by which an increasing percentage of the population lives in cities and towns, resulting in the growth of urban areas.

Sex Ratio: The number of females per 1,000 males in a population.

Debates and Interpretations:

Population Control Policies: To what extent should population control policies be implemented? What are the ethical considerations around family planning and reproductive rights?

Urbanization and Sustainability: What are the challenges of managing rapid urbanization in India, and how can the government address issues like overcrowding, slums, and pollution?

Youth Demographics and Employment: How can India leverage its youthful population to achieve economic growth, and what are the challenges in providing employment and education for this demographic?

Why This Chapter Matters:

Understanding Population Trends: Understanding the patterns of population distribution, growth, and composition is essential for developing effective policies related to education, healthcare, employment, and urban planning.

Implications for Economic Growth: The chapter emphasizes the relationship between demographic changes and economic growth, particularly in the context of India’s large and growing population.

Sustainability: Population growth and urbanization pose significant challenges to sustainability, resource management, and social services, making this chapter critical for understanding the broader implications of India’s population dynamics.

Ideal For:

CBSE Class 12 Board Exams: Source-based questions, essay writing, and analysis of population distribution, density, growth, and composition.
CUET Humanities Section: Fact-based MCQs and questions related to population geography and its impact on development.
UPSC Prelims & Mains: Geography and development studies, with a focus on demographic trends and urbanization in India.
Geography Enthusiasts: Interested in exploring the factors influencing India’s population dynamics and their impact on society and the economy.

NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

1.1. India’s population as per the 2001 census is:

(a) 1028 million
(b) 3182 million
(c) 3287 million
(d) 20 million

Answer: (a) 1028 million

1.2. Which one of the following states has the highest density of population in India?

(a) Bihar
(b) Kerala
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Punjab

Answer: (a) Bihar

1.3. Which one of the following states has the highest proportion of urban population in India according to the 2001 Census?

(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Kerala
(d) Gujarat

Answer: (b) Maharashtra

1.4. Which one of the following is the largest linguistic group in India?

(a) Sino-Tibetan
(b) Indo-Aryan
(c) Austric
(d) Dravidian

Answer: (b) Indo-Aryan

2.1. Very hot and dry and very cold and wet regions of India have low density of population. In this light, explain the role of climate on the distribution of population.

Answer: Regions with moderate climates attract higher populations, as they support agricultural and human activities. Extreme climates like the heat of Western Rajasthan and the cold conditions in the Himalayas discourage population settlement, resulting in low density in these regions.

2.2. Which states have large rural populations in India? Give one reason for such a large rural population.

Answer: States like Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, U.P., Bihar, and Sikkim have large rural populations. The main reason is the low economic and infrastructural development, which inhibits urbanization, keeping the population focused on agricultural activities.

2.3. Why do some states of India have higher rates of work participation than others?

Answer: States with lower economic development, like Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Chhattisgarh, have higher work participation rates due to the reliance on manual labor and subsistence agriculture, which require a larger workforce.

2.4. “The agricultural sector has the largest share of Indian workers.” Explain.

Answer: In India, around 58.2% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture as cultivators and laborers. This is due to India’s agricultural dependency. However, the share of agricultural workers has decreased over time as urbanization and industrialization grow.

3.1. Discuss the spatial pattern of the density of population in India.

Answer: India exhibits a highly uneven population distribution, with states like U.P., Maharashtra, Bihar, and West Bengal hosting the majority of the population. On the other hand, states such as Jammu & Kashmir (0.98%) and Arunachal Pradesh (0.11%) have a very small proportion of the population despite having large geographical areas. The overall population density in India (2011) is 382 persons per sq km, ranking it third among the most densely populated countries in Asia.

Factors influencing this uneven distribution include physical factors such as terrain, climate, and water availability. Regions like North Indian Plains and coastal areas have higher densities due to favorable conditions for agriculture, while hilly areas and forested regions like the Himalayas have low densities. Socio-economic and historical factors such as urbanization, agricultural development, and industrial growth have contributed to population concentration in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai.

3.2. Give an account of the occupational structure of India’s population.

Answer: India’s occupational structure is dominated by the primary sector, with 58.2% of the population engaged in agriculture. This includes cultivators and agricultural laborers. The secondary sector (manufacturing and industries) and tertiary sector (services) account for much smaller proportions of the working population. 4.2% are involved in household industries, and 37.6% work in non-household industries, including trade, commerce, construction, and services.

The male workforce dominates all sectors, especially the primary sector. However, female participation is higher in agriculture. Over the years, there has been a decline in agricultural workers from 66.85% in 1991 to 58% in 2001, while tertiary and secondary sector participation has increased, reflecting a shift towards non-farming jobs. Urbanization and industrialization have driven this change, particularly in states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh, where workers in industrial and service sectors are growing.

4. Why is there a decline in the number of workers in the agricultural sector?

Answer: The decline in agricultural workers is due to mechanization, limited farming opportunities, and urbanization. With the growth of industry and services, fewer people are dependent on farming, while increasing industrial and service sectors offer better employment opportunities.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 NCERT Extra Questions

Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. What are the sources of population data in India? When was the first complete data collection completed/conducted?

Answer: The main source of population data in India is the Census data, which is collected every 10 years. The first complete data collection was conducted in 1881.

2. What is India’s population density?

Answer: As per the 2011 Census, India’s population density is 382 persons per square kilometer.

3. Which is the most densely populated country of Asia?

Answer: Singapore is the most densely populated country in Asia.

4. Define: Physiological density, Agricultural density, Agricultural population

Physiological Density: It is the number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land.
Agricultural Density: It is the number of farmers per unit of arable land.
Agricultural Population: It includes cultivators, agricultural laborers, and their family members involved in farming and related activities.

5. What is meant by population doubling time?

Answer: Population doubling time refers to the time required for a population to double its size at its current annual growth rate.

6. Which decade experienced negative growth in India?

Answer: The decade 1911-1921 experienced negative population growth in India.

7. Categorize population based on their place of residence.

Answer: Based on their place of residence, the population of India can be categorized into:

Rural Population
Urban Population

8. What are the two components of population growth?

Answer: The two components of population growth are:

Natural Growth
Induced Growth

9. Define population composition.

Answer: Population composition refers to the demographic characteristics of a population, including age, sex, ethnicity, religion, language, literacy rate, marital status, occupation, and other socio-economic factors.

10. What are the major occupation categories as per the census of India, 2011?

Answer: According to the 2011 Census, the major occupation categories in India are:

Cultivators
Agricultural Labourers
Household Industrial Workers
Other Workers

11. When was the latest census survey conducted? When was the last day and time of the census survey?

Answer: The latest census survey in India was conducted in 2011. The data collection was based on information available until 28th February 2011 at 12 midnight.

12. What is the total population of India as per the latest survey? Also, tell the rural and urban population of India as per this survey.

Answer: As per the 2011 Census, the total population of India is 1,210,193,422 persons. The population distribution is as follows:

Rural Population: 833,087,662
Urban Population: 377,105,760

13. India has 7th position in the world in terms of land area and 2nd position in terms of population. Substantiate.

Answer: India covers 2.4% of the total land area of the world, ranking it 7th globally. However, in terms of population, India stands at 2nd position after China, with a population of 1,210,193,422 (as per the 2011 Census).

14. Why is the average annual growth rate of population less in 1951 as compared to 1941?

Answer: The average annual growth rate was lower in 1951 compared to 1941 due to:

The impact of World Wars, leading to the loss of lives.
The spread of epidemic diseases during that time.

15. Describe the regional variations in population growth of India.

Answer: India shows significant regional variations in population growth:

Southern States (e.g., Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh) have a low growth rate due to improved health facilities and education.
States like Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh experience moderate growth rates (20-25%).
States in the North and East (e.g., Bihar, West Bengal, Assam) have higher growth rates due to poor health and socio-economic conditions.

16. How much percentage of the population lives in rural and urban areas?

Answer: As per the 2011 Census, the percentage distribution of India’s population is:

Rural: 68.84%
Urban: 31.16%

17. What does the increase in the participation rate of secondary and tertiary sectors signify?

Answer: The increase in participation in secondary and tertiary sectors reflects a shift from agriculture (primary sector) to non-farm occupations. This indicates industrial growth, urbanization, and an evolving economy in India.

18. Which religious community holds the most dominant position in India?

Answer: The Hindu community holds the most dominant position in India.

19. Name the largest spoken language of India. Name any four states where they are spoken.

Answer: The largest spoken language in India is Hindi. It is spoken in Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh.

20. Which are the smallest spoken languages?

Answer: Kashmiri and Sanskrit are among the smallest spoken languages in India.

21. Name the states that have fewer populations in comparison to their land area.

Answer: The states with the lowest population densities (in terms of persons per square kilometer) are:

Arunachal Pradesh (7 persons/sq km)
Mizoram (52 persons/sq km)
Sikkim (86 persons/sq km)

22. Which Union Territories have the highest and lowest population densities?

Answer:

Highest Population Density: Delhi NCR with 11,297 persons/sq km.
Lowest Population Density: Andaman and Nicobar Islands with 46 persons/sq km.

23. Which states and Union Territories of India exhibit less than 10% population growth rate, and which of them have a negative growth rate?

Answer: States and Union Territories with less than 10% population growth rate include:

Goa (8.17%)
Kerala (4.68%)
Andaman and Nicobar Islands (6.68%)
Lakshadweep (6.23%)

The state with negative growth rate:

Nagaland (-0.47%)

24. Which states of India have the highest population living in rural areas?

Answer: States with the highest rural population include:

Himachal Pradesh (89.96%)
Bihar (88.70%)
Assam (85.92%)
Odisha (83.32%)

25. Which state of India is the most urbanized? Name some other states in terms of the highest level of urbanization.

Answer: Goa is the most urbanized state in India, with 62.71% of its population living in urban areas. Other highly urbanized states include Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Punjab.

26. How many scheduled languages does the Indian Constitution have?

Answer: The Indian Constitution recognizes 22 scheduled languages.

27. Who is a main worker?

Answer: A main worker is an individual who engages in economically productive work for 183 days or more in a year.

28. In how many groups is the Indian population divided from an economic perspective?

Answer: The Indian population is divided into three groups based on economic activity:

Main Workers
Marginal Workers
Non-Workers

29. In how many categories is the working population of India divided?

Answer: The working population of India, according to the 2001 Census, is divided into four major categories:

Cultivators
Agricultural Labourers
Household Industrial Workers
Other Workers

30. What does the World Development Report say about the present rate of growth of India’s population?

Answer: The World Development Report projects that India’s population will reach 1,350 million by 2025.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Short Answer Type Questions

1. Give in brief the factors that affect population distribution in India.

Answer: Population distribution in India is influenced by a variety of physical, socio-economic, and historical factors.

Climate and Terrain: Regions with moderate climates and fertile land, such as the North Indian Plains, deltas, and coastal plains, tend to have a higher population density.
Water Availability: Regions with adequate water supply, like river basins, support higher populations.
Agricultural Development: Areas with settled agriculture and good irrigation systems support more people.
Transportation and Urbanization: Developed transportation networks and urban areas encourage population concentration.
Historical Factors: The development of cities and towns, based on historical trade routes or colonial activities, also affects population distribution.

2. Why does rural/urban distribution of population vary in India?

Answer: The rural-urban distribution of India’s population is influenced by:

Urbanization: Economic growth, improved infrastructure, and better health facilities contribute to urbanization.
Rural-Urban Migration: Increased opportunities in urban areas, like in Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai, pull people from rural areas.
Geographical Factors: Remote, hilly, and flood-prone areas exhibit lower urbanization and higher rural populations.
Economic Development: Regions with lower economic development and poor urban facilities tend to have higher rural populations.

3. What does the ‘sectoral workforce’ of the population in India signify?

Answer: The sectoral workforce in India refers to the distribution of workers across three main sectors:

Primary sector: Agriculture (the largest sector) which employs a significant portion of the population.
Secondary sector: Manufacturing and industry.
Tertiary sector: Services, including trade, education, healthcare, etc.

Over the years, there has been a shift from agriculture (58.2% in 2001) to industry and services. The participation in secondary and tertiary sectors has increased, indicating an evolving economy, though male workers still dominate all sectors.

4. Some places in India are densely populated while others are sparsely populated. Substantiate.

Answer: Population density varies widely across India:

High-density areas: Bihar (1102 people/sq km), West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh have high population densities due to fertile lands and good water availability.
Low-density areas: States like Arunachal Pradesh (13 people/sq km) and Sikkim are sparsely populated due to hilly terrain, harsh climates, and limited agricultural opportunities.
Moderate-density areas: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat exhibit moderate population density due to balanced development and resources.

5. What do you mean by population growth? Explain how is it estimated?

Answer: Population growth refers to the change in the number of people in a specific area over a period of time. It is calculated using the formula:

Population Growth Rate = (Population at time 2 - Population at time 1) / Population at time 1 × 100

It includes both natural increase (birth rate minus death rate) and migration (in-migration or out-migration).

6. India is a secular country. Substantiate the statement with statistical facts.

Answer: India is a secular country with a diverse range of religious communities:

Hindus: Form 70-80% of the population. They are spread across India, with the largest populations in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal.
Muslims: The largest minority group (14.2%) concentrated in Jammu & Kashmir, West Bengal, and Kerala.
Christians: Found mainly along the Western Coast (e.g., Goa, Kerala), Meghalaya, and Nagaland.
Sikhs: Concentrated in Punjab, with smaller populations in Delhi and Haryana.
Jains and Buddhists: Smaller groups found in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

7. Analyze the linguistic composition of India.

Answer: India is linguistically diverse with several language families:

Indo-Aryan (48% speakers): Predominantly spoken in North and Central India (e.g., Hindi, Punjabi).
Dravidian (19%): Primarily spoken in South India (e.g., Tamil, Telugu, Kannada).
Sino-Tibetan (5%): Spoken in Northeastern India (e.g., Bodo, Tibetan).
Austric (1%): Spoken in regions like Bihar and Orissa (e.g., Santali).

There are 22 scheduled languages and numerous non-scheduled languages. The most spoken language is Hindi, which has a significant presence in Northern India.

8. What are the salient features of the population of India?

Answer: Salient features of India’s population include:

Second most populous country, with over 1 billion people as of 2001.
The growth rate from 1991-2001 was 19.3%.
Male-dominated society with a declining sex ratio.
50% of the population is below 20 years of age, leading to youthful challenges in socio-economic and political spheres.
A large portion of the population remains non-workers.

9. Name four Indian linguistic families and give four examples of each family.

Answer: India’s languages belong to four major families:

Austric: Santali, Munda, Ho, Bhumij
Dravidian: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam
Sino-Tibetan: Bodo, Tibetan, Mizo, Naga
Indo-European: Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi

10. “Socio-economic factors influence high density of population”. Give reasons with examples.

Answer: Socio-economic factors play a significant role in determining population density:

Agricultural Development: Fertile lands in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal attract higher populations.
Urbanization: Industrial hubs like Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata draw large numbers of migrants.
Transport Networks: Well-developed networks in Maharashtra and Gujarat enable easy migration and business, increasing population density.

11. Why is there a decline in the number of workers in the agricultural sector?

Answer: The decline in agricultural workers is due to:

Mechanization of Agriculture: Reduced reliance on manual labor.
Limited Farming Opportunities: Less available land for cultivation.
Urbanization and Industrialization: People are migrating to urban centers for non-farm jobs.
Shifting Economic Focus: Growing sectors like manufacturing and services are absorbing more workers.

12. “Female participation rate is low in India.” Why?

Answer: The low female participation rate in India is due to:

Cultural Norms: Joint families and social expectations restrict women’s mobility.
Low Literacy Rates: Education for girls remains inadequate, particularly in rural areas.
Family Responsibilities: Frequent childbirth and care duties limit women’s participation in the workforce.
Male-dominated Society: Gender discrimination reduces opportunities for women.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Long Answer Type Questions

1. Describe India’s population growth over the years.

Answer: India’s population growth over the last century can be categorized into four phases based on birth and death rates, and migration trends:

Phase-I (1901-1921): This period was marked by a stationary population growth, with both high birth and death rates, leading to minimal growth, and even negative growth during 1911-1921.
Phase-II (1921-1951): A steady population growth was observed due to improvements in health and sanitation. Although birth rates remained high, the mortality rate declined, leading to higher growth.
Phase-III (1951-1981): Known as the population explosion, this period saw a rapid decline in the mortality rate due to advancements in medical care, while the fertility rate remained high, causing the average annual growth rate to reach 2.2%. International migration contributed to this high growth.
Phase-IV (Post-1981): While the growth rate remained high, it started to slow down gradually. The decline in birth rates, improved education, and later age at marriage, especially among women, have contributed to this slowing down of population growth. However, the growth rate remains high with regional variations across the country.

2. Write a note on the adolescent population in India.

Answer: The adolescent population in India (ages 10-19) comprises about 20.9% of the total population (2011 Census). The male adolescent population is 52.7%, and female adolescent population is 47.3%. Though adolescents are a valuable resource for the country’s future, they face several challenges, including:

Lower age at marriage
Female illiteracy
School dropouts
Nutrient deficiencies
High maternal mortality rates
HIV/AIDS infections
Drug abuse and alcoholism
Juvenile delinquency

To address these challenges, the National Youth Policy (2003) focuses on:

Youth empowerment
Inclusive decision-making
Improvement in education and health
Focus on female and girl child empowerment
Promotion of physical, mental health, and awareness in science and technology.

3. To which families do the major Indian languages belong? Give details of their sub-family and areas.

Answer: India’s languages belong to four major language families:

Family	Sub-family	States/Areas Spoken
Austric	Munda	Meghalaya, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh
Dravidian	Dravida	Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar
Sino-Tibetan	Kirata	Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya
Indo-European	Aryan	Jammu & Kashmir, U.P., M.P., Goa

These families cover a vast range of languages and dialects, with Hindi being the most widely spoken language in India.

4. What is the occupational composition of India’s population? Give a detailed report.

Answer: India’s population is largely engaged in the primary sector, with the highest proportion of workers in agriculture. However, there has been a shift towards secondary and tertiary sectors over the years. Here’s the breakdown:

Sector	Percentage of Total Workers (2011 Census)
Primary sector (Agriculture)	54.6%
Secondary sector (Industry)	4.2%
Tertiary sector (Services)	41.6%

Key Points:

Male workers dominate all sectors.
The female participation is higher in the primary sector, but increasing participation is seen in secondary and tertiary sectors.
Declining agriculture sector: From 58.2% in 2001 to 54.6% in 2011, as industrialization and urbanization increase.

5. What are the challenges before adolescents? What steps have been taken by the government to overcome these challenges?

Answer: The adolescent population faces several challenges:

Female illiteracy
School dropouts
Health issues like HIV/AIDS, drug abuse, and alcoholism
Mental health concerns
Juvenile delinquency
Early marriage and motherhood
Lack of job opportunities

The National Youth Policy (2003) aims to empower youth and adolescents through:

Education and skill development
Promoting women empowerment and gender equality
Health improvements, especially for young girls
Participation in leadership and decision-making roles
The policy encourages youth participation in nation-building and focuses on the development of physical, mental, and creative abilities.

6. Explain the variations in the proportion of the working population in India.

Answer: The proportion of the working population varies widely across India. For example:

State	Work Participation Rate
Goa	25%
Mizoram	53%
Himachal Pradesh	High percentage of workers
Nagaland	High percentage of workers
Dadra & Nagar Haveli	High participation in non-farm sectors

Hilly and tribal areas like Nagaland have large shares of cultivators.

States like Bihar, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh have higher proportions of agricultural laborers.

Urbanized regions such as Delhi and Chandigarh show a higher proportion of workers in services.

7. Differentiate between marginal worker and main worker.

Answer:

Criteria	Marginal Worker	Main Worker
Work Duration	Works for less than 183 days in a year	Works for 183 days or more in a year
Represents	Underemployment or poverty	Full-time economic activity
Percentage of Workforce	8.7% of total workers in India (2001 Census)	30.2% of total workers in India (2001 Census)
Economic Contribution	Contributes less to economic productivity	Contributes significantly to economic output

Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Map Based Questions

Question 1:

Locate and label the following on the given political map of India with appropriate symbols:

(i) Highest density state: Bihar
(ii) Lowest density state: Arunachal Pradesh

Question 2:

Locate and label the following on the given political map of India with appropriate symbols:

(i) State with low percentage of urban population: Himachal Pradesh and Bihar
(ii) State with high percentage of urban population: Goa
(iii) State with highest urban population: Maharashtra
(iv) State with highest rural population: Uttar Pradesh
(v) State having lowest rural and urban population: Sikkim

Class 12 Geography Chapter 1 Important Questions

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.

Name the state of India having the highest density of population and also mention its density.

Answer: The state with the highest population density in India is Bihar, with a density of 1102 persons per square kilometer.

Question 2.

Define the term Positive Growth of Population. (CBSE 2011)

Answer: Positive growth of population refers to the situation when the birth rate exceeds the death rate, leading to an increase in population. Additionally, it can also be attributed to migration, where people move permanently into a region, contributing to population growth.

Question 3.

Mention any two causes of the negative growth rate of population in India during 1901-1921. (CBSE 2013)

Answer: Two causes of the negative population growth rate in India during the period 1901-1921 were:

High birth and death rates during this period, which kept the population growth rate very low.
Poor healthcare, inadequate medical facilities, and the spread of epidemics, which negatively affected the population.

Question 4.

Define the term “population distribution.” (CBSE 2015)

Answer: Population distribution refers to the manner in which people are spread across the geographical area of the earth’s surface. It shows how population is distributed in various regions, taking into account factors like geography, climate, and socio-economic conditions.

Question 5.

How is the density of population of a region calculated? (A.I. 2015)

Answer: Population density is calculated by dividing the total number of people by the total area of the region. It is expressed in terms of persons per square kilometer.

Question 6.

What is the main thrust of the National Youth Policy of Government of India, 2003? (A.I. 2015)

Answer: The main thrust of the National Youth Policy 2003 is to empower the youth of India by enabling them to actively participate in decision-making processes and take responsibility as capable leaders. It emphasizes fostering patriotism, responsible citizenship, and the overall development of youth, with a special focus on improving the status of women and the girl child.

Question 7.

Name the state of India with the largest area. (CBSE 2016)

Answer: Rajasthan is the largest state in India in terms of land area.

Question 8.

Name the union territory of India having the lowest density of population as per the 2011 census. (CBSE 2016)

Answer: According to the 2011 census, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the lowest population density among the Union Territories of India.

Question 9.

Name the state of India having the least share of population according to the Census 2011. (Delhi 2017, 2018)

Answer: The state with the least share of population in India, according to the 2011 Census, is Sikkim.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.

Why is the growth rate of population in Phase IV, slowing down in India? Give three reasons. (Foreign 2010)

Answer: The population growth rate in Phase IV has started to slow down in India due to the following reasons:

Downward trend of crude birth rate: There has been a significant decline in the birth rate, contributing to a reduced growth rate.
Increased mean age of marriage: As the age at marriage increases, fertility rates decline, which impacts the overall population growth.
Improved quality of life, particularly female education: Greater educational opportunities for women have led to delayed marriage and smaller family sizes, resulting in a slower population growth.

Question 2.

“The distribution of rural population is not uniform throughout India.” Support this statement with three suitable examples. (Foreign 2010)

Answer: The distribution of rural population in India is uneven due to several factors:

Development of urban areas: Rapid urbanization in certain regions, especially due to better socio-economic conditions and migration, leads to a higher concentration of people in urban centers.
Rural-urban migration: Areas along major road links and rail corridors, especially in the North Indian plains and industrial regions, experience significant rural-urban migration, contributing to a decline in rural population density.
Agriculturally stagnant regions: Rural areas in agriculturally stagnant parts of the Ganga plains, Telangana, and remote hilly regions continue to experience lower urbanization, leading to higher rural populations in these areas.

Question 3.

The decades 1951-1981 are referred to as the period of population explosion in India.” Explain the statement by giving any three reasons. (CBSE 2014)

Answer: The period from 1951 to 1981 in India is known as the population explosion because:

Rapid fall in mortality rate: Improvements in healthcare and sanitation led to a significant decrease in death rates, contributing to population growth.
High fertility rates: Despite improvements in mortality, the fertility rate remained high during this period, sustaining a high population growth.
High natural increase: Due to improved living conditions and health interventions, the natural increase in population (birth rate minus death rate) was at its peak, further accelerating the population explosion.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1: Explain with examples the occupational structure of India’s population. (CBSE 2011)

Answer: India’s population is primarily engaged in the primary sector, with 58.2% of the working population involved in agriculture as cultivators or agricultural laborers. In contrast, only 4.2% of the workforce is employed in household industries, while 37.6% are involved in other sectors like non-household industries, trade, commerce, construction, and services.

The male workforce dominates in all sectors, but female participation is higher in the primary sector. Over the years, there has been a decline in the agricultural workforce (from 58.2% in 2001 to 54.6% in 2011), reflecting a shift towards secondary and tertiary sectors. States like Himachal Pradesh and Nagaland have high proportions of agricultural workers, while urbanized areas like Delhi and Chandigarh exhibit higher participation in services.

Question 2: Explain with examples any five factors that affect the population distribution in India.

Answer: Five key factors affecting population distribution in India include:

Climate and Terrain: Regions with favorable climates and terrains, such as the North Indian Plains, Coastal Plains, and Deltas, have higher population densities than the interior regions like the Himalayas or central Indian states.
Water Availability: Access to water sources, like the Ganga and Yamuna rivers, fosters higher population concentration in agricultural regions.
Irrigation Development: Regions like Rajasthan, where irrigation systems have been developed, show higher population densities.
Economic Resources: Areas rich in minerals (like Jharkhand) or energy resources attract more people due to industrial opportunities.
Urbanization and Industrialization: Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Chennai are densely populated due to economic growth driven by industrialization and urban migration.

Question 3: How are physical and economic factors responsible for the uneven distribution of population in India? (AI 2011)

Answer: Physical and economic factors significantly influence population distribution in India:

Physical Factors:

Climate and Terrain: Favorable regions like the North Indian Plains and coastal areas have denser populations due to better living conditions, while hilly and forested regions like Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are sparsely populated.
Water Availability: The Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is densely populated, whereas areas like Rajasthan, which suffers from water scarcity, have low population density.

Economic Factors:

Industrialization: States with strong industrial hubs, like Maharashtra, attract larger populations due to better employment opportunities.
Agricultural Development: Regions with fertile land and irrigation systems, like Punjab, have higher population concentrations due to prosperous agriculture.

Question 4: “The decades 1921-1951 are referred to as the period of steady growth of population whereas the decades 1951-1981 are referred to as the period of population explosion in India.” Explain giving reasons. (CBSE 2014)

Answer:

Decades 1921-1951 (Steady Growth): During this period, improvements in healthcare, life-saving medications, and sanitation reduced mortality rates. However, birth rates remained high, leading to steady population growth.

Decades 1951-1981 (Population Explosion): This period saw a rapid decline in mortality rates due to improved healthcare and advancements in sanitation. Despite high fertility rates, this resulted in population explosion, as the natural growth rate surged.

Question 5: Define the term Growth of population. Describe the third phase of growth of population in India. (CBSE 2015)

Answer: Population growth refers to the change in the number of people in a particular area over time. It is calculated as the difference between the birth rate and death rate.

Third Phase (1951-1981): This phase is called the Population Explosion due to:

Rapid fall in mortality rates.
High fertility rates despite better healthcare.
Developmental activities through centralized planning boosted population growth, with international migration contributing to the high growth rate.

Question 6: What is population doubling time? Explain the characteristics of the growth of population in India in Phase I and II. (CBSE 2015)

Answer: Population doubling time refers to the time required for a population to double at its current annual growth rate.

Phase I (1901-1921): This phase was marked by stagnation due to high birth rates and death rates, leading to a very slow population growth. The growth rate was even negative between 1911-1921 due to poor health and epidemics.

Phase II (1921-1951): In this phase, health improvements brought down the mortality rate. Despite this, the birth rate remained high, leading to steady growth in population.

Question 7: Locate and label the following on the given political map of India with appropriate symbols:

(i) The State having largest area. Answer: Rajasthan
(ii) State having highest density of population. Answer: Bihar
(iii) State having lowest density of population. Answer: Arunachal Pradesh

Question 8: What is the density of population? Describe the spatial variation of population density in India. (CBSE 2015)

Answer: Population density refers to the number of people per unit area, typically measured in persons per square kilometer.

Spatial variation of population density in India is vast, ranging from 17 persons per sq. km in Arunachal Pradesh to 11,297 persons per sq. km in Delhi (Census 2011). States like Bihar (1102), West Bengal (1029), and Uttar Pradesh (828) have high densities, while Kerala (1013) and Tamil Nadu (859) also show higher densities. Assam, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh have moderate densities. In contrast, the Himalayan region and North-Eastern states have relatively low densities.

Question 9: What is the source of population data in India? Explain the distribution of population in India. (CBSE 2015)

Answer: Census data collected every 10 years is the primary source of population information in India.

India’s population distribution is highly uneven. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh have the highest populations, while states like Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand have very small shares. The distribution is influenced by physical factors like terrain, climate, and water availability, as well as economic factors like agriculture, transport network, and industrial development.

Question 10: “An uneven distribution of population suggests a close relationship between population and physical and socio-economic factors.” Support the statement with suitable examples. (Delhi 2017)

Answer: Population density is closely linked to physical and socio-economic factors. For example:

Dense populations in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, and Kerala: These regions have fertile plains, favorable climate, and water availability.
Sparse populations in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Arunachal Pradesh: These areas are attributed to hilly terrain, dense forests, and harsh climates.
Moderate density in states like Odisha, Assam, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh: These regions benefit from agriculture, industrial growth, and favorable climates.

These factors highlight the role of transport networks, industrialization, and urbanization in population distribution.

Question 11: ‘The decadal and annual growth rates of population in India are both very high and steadily increasing over time.” Substantiate the statement. (CBSE 2018)

Answer: The population growth rate in India has been steadily increasing since the 1921-1951 period, where steady growth was observed due to improvements in health and sanitation, despite high birth rates.

From 1951 to 1981, India witnessed a population explosion due to rapid mortality decline and high fertility rates. Developmental activities and international migration also contributed to the surge in population. From 1981 onwards, although the birth rate began to decline, the population still grows due to past trends, maintaining high growth levels.