Class 12 Computer Science (C++) – Chapter 14 Networking and Open Source Concepts

Chapter 14 focuses on the basics of computer networking, including various types of networks, network devices, and protocols. It also introduces the concept of open-source software, which has a significant impact on software development and distribution. Students will gain an understanding of how networks operate and the importance of open-source software in modern technology.

What You Will Learn in Chapter 14

This chapter provides a foundation in networking concepts such as LAN, WAN, protocols, and the OSI model. Additionally, it explains the advantages of open-source software, licensing models, and popular open-source tools. By the end of this chapter, students will understand how networks are structured, how data is transmitted, and how open-source software contributes to technology development.

Key Topics Covered

Introduction to Networking

Networking allows computers and devices to communicate with each other and share resources. It involves transmitting data across physical mediums like cables, wireless signals, and satellites. The key components of a network include computers, servers, switches, and routers.

Types of Networks

LAN (Local Area Network): A network limited to a small geographical area like a home or office.
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large geographical area, such as the internet.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A network that covers a city or a large campus.
PAN (Personal Area Network): A small network for personal devices like smartphones, laptops, and tablets.

Network Devices

Router: Connects multiple networks and directs data packets between them.
Switch: Connects devices within a LAN and facilitates communication between them.
Hub: A basic networking device that transmits data to all devices in a network.
Modem: Converts digital data into analog signals for transmission over telephone lines (for internet access).

Network Topologies

Network topology defines the arrangement of various devices in a network. Common types of topologies include:

Bus Topology: A single central cable (bus) connects all devices.
Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular manner.
Mesh Topology: Devices are interconnected with multiple paths.

OSI Model

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a network into seven layers. These layers are:

Layer 1: Physical Layer – Handles the transmission of raw data bits over a physical medium.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer – Manages communication between devices on the same network.
Layer 3: Network Layer – Routes data packets between different networks (IP).
Layer 4: Transport Layer – Ensures reliable data transfer (TCP/UDP).
Layer 5: Session Layer – Manages sessions between applications.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer – Handles data translation, encryption, and compression.
Layer 7: Application Layer – Supports network applications (HTTP, FTP, etc.).

Protocols

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): A set of protocols used to connect devices on the internet.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring web pages over the internet.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between a client and server.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.

Introduction to Open Source Software

Open-source software is software whose source code is available to the public for free modification, distribution, and use. Open-source software fosters community collaboration and innovation. Examples include the Linux operating system, Apache server, and Mozilla Firefox browser.

Benefits of Open Source Software

Cost-Effective: Open-source software is free to use, eliminating licensing fees.
Security: Open-source software is transparent, allowing developers to identify and fix vulnerabilities quickly.
Customization: Users can modify open-source software to meet their specific needs.
Community Support: Open-source software is supported by a large community of developers who contribute to its improvement.

Popular Open-Source Tools

Linux: A powerful open-source operating system widely used in servers and embedded systems.
Apache HTTP Server: A popular open-source web server.
MySQL: An open-source relational database management system (RDBMS).
LibreOffice: A free and open-source office suite.

Licensing Models in Open Source Software

Open-source software is typically distributed under licenses that specify how the software can be used, modified, and shared. Common licenses include:

GPL (General Public License): Allows users to freely use, modify, and distribute software as long as the same license applies to the modified version.
MIT License: Permits users to use, modify, and distribute software with minimal restrictions.
Apache License: Provides users with freedom to use, modify, and distribute software while protecting contributors from liability.

Setting Up a Simple Network

To set up a basic home network, you need a router to connect devices (computers, smartphones, etc.) and an internet modem for internet access. The devices are connected via wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi) connections. The router acts as the central point for managing data transmission across devices.

Common Networking Tools

Ping: A tool used to check the connectivity between two devices on a network.
Traceroute: A network diagnostic tool to trace the path taken by data across the internet.
nslookup: A command-line tool used to query domain name system (DNS) records.
Wireshark: A network protocol analyzer that captures and inspects network traffic.

Download PDF – Networking and Open Source Concepts Solutions

Includes:

Complete NCERT solutions with diagrams
Steps to configure a simple home network
Open-source software examples and their usage
Sample questions on protocols, OSI model, and network devices

Preparation Tips for Networking and Open Source Concepts

Understand the layers of the OSI model and their functions.
Familiarize yourself with common network devices and their roles.
Learn the differences between types of networks (LAN, WAN, etc.).
Explore open-source software and its applications in real-world scenarios.
Study network protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, and SMTP in depth.

Additional Resources

Networking Tutorials: Detailed guides on setting up and troubleshooting networks.
Open Source Community Projects: Contribute to open-source projects to get hands-on experience.
Sample Networking Problems: Practice problems related to OSI model, network configuration, and protocols.

Conclusion

Networking and open-source software are fundamental concepts in the modern tech industry. Understanding how networks function and how open-source software powers much of today’s technology is essential for aspiring computer scientists. Mastery of this chapter will help students navigate the world of computer networking and open-source development, laying a strong foundation for future studies in IT and software engineering.

Class 12 Computer Science (C++) – Chapter 14 Networking and Open Source Concepts

TOPIC-1
Communication Technoiogies
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 mark each]

Question 1:

Identify the Domain name and URL from the following:
http://www.income.in/home.aboutus.hml

Answer:
Domain name – income.in
URL – http://www.income.in/home.aboutus.hml

Question 2:

What is Web Hosting?

Answer:
Web hosting is the service that makes our website available to be viewed by others on the Internet. A web host provides space on its server, so that other computers around the world can access our website by means of a network or modem.

Question 3:

What is the difference between packet & message switching?

Packet Switching	Message Switching
There is a tight upper limit on the block size. A fixed size of packet is specified.	In message switching, there was no upper limit.
All the packets are stored in main memory in switching office.	In message switching, packets are stored on disk. This increases the performance as access time is reduced.

Question 4:

Which protocol is used in creating a connection with a remote machine?

Answer:
Telnet: It is an older internet utility that allows us to log on to a remote computer system. It also facilitates terminal emulation purposes.

Question 5:

Which protocol is used to create a connection with a remote machine? Give any two advantages of using Optical Fibers.

Answer:
Telnet
Two advantages of using Optical Fibers:

Capable of extremely high speed.
No Electromagnetic interference.

Question 6:

What is cloud computing?

Answer:
Cloud computing refers to the sharing of computer resources (dedicated, time-shared, or dynamically shared servers) and related infrastructure components (load balancers, firewalls, network storage, developer tools, monitors, and management tools) to facilitate the deployment and operation of web and network-based applications. It relies on resource sharing to achieve coherence and economies of scale, similar to utilities like electricity over a network.

Question 7:

Write two characteristics of Wi-Fi.

Answer:

It is a wireless network.
It is for short range.

Question 8:

Expand the following:

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication.
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service.

Question 9:

Which type of network out of LAN, PAN, and MAN is formed when you connect two mobiles using Bluetooth to transfer a video?

Answer: PAN (Personal Area Network)

Question 10:

Write one characteristic each for 2G and 3G mobile technologies.

Answer:
2G networks primarily involve the transmission of voice information while 3G technology provides the additional advantage of data transfer.

Question 11:

What is the difference between Packet switching and circuit switching techniques?

Answer:
In circuit switching, a dedicated path exists from source to destination, while in packet switching, there is no fixed path.

Question 12:

Write two advantages of using an optical fiber cable over an Ethernet cable to connect two service stations, which are 200 meters away from each other.

Answer:

Faster speed than Ethernet.
Lower Attenuation.

Question 13:

Write one advantage of bus topology of network. Also illustrate how four (4) computers can be connected with each other using bus topology of network.

Answer:
Advantage of Linear Bus Topology: The cable length required for this topology is the least compared to other networks.

    Bus Topology:
    [Computer1]---[Cable]---[Computer2]---[Cable]---[Computer3]---[Cable]---[Computer4]

Question 14:

Give one suitable example of each URL and Domain Name.

Answer:
URL: http://waltons.in
Domain Name: gmail.com

Question 15:

Write one advantage of star topology of network? Also, illustrate how five (5) computers can be connected with each other using star topology of network.

Answer:
Advantage of Star Topology: Easy to replace, install, or remove hosts or other devices.

    Star Topology:
            [Hub/Switch]
              /  |
         [Comp1] [Comp2] [Comp3]
              |           |
          [Comp4]    [Comp5]

Question 16:

Identify the type of topology on the basis of the following:

(a) Since every node is directly connected to the server, a large amount of cable is needed which increases the installation cost of the network.
(b) It has a single common data path connecting all the nodes.

Answer:
(a) Star Topology
(b) Bus Topology

Question 17:

Expand the following:

VOIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Question 18:

Daniel has to share the data among various computers of his two offices branches situated in the same city. Name the network (out of LAN, WAN, PAN, and MAN) which is being formed in this process.

Answer: MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Question 19:

ABC International School is planning to connect all computers, each spread over a distance of 50 meters. Suggest an economic cable type having high-speed data transfer to connect these computers.

Answer: Optical Fibre Cable.

Question 20:

Mahesh wants to transfer data within a city at very high speed. Write the wired transmission medium and type of network.

Answer:
Wired transmission medium: Optical fibre cable
Type of network: MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Question 21:

Which device is used to connect all computers inside a lab?

Answer:
Hub or Switch

Question 22:

Which device is used to connect all computers to the internet using telephone wire?

Answer:
RJ – 45. It is an eight-wired connector used to connect computers on a LAN.

Question 23:

What is Wi-Fi Card?

Answer:
Wi-Fi cards are small and portable cards that allow the computer to connect to the internet through a wireless network. The transmission is through the use of radio waves.

Question 24:

Explain the purpose of a router.

Answer:
A router establishes connection between two networks and can handle networks with different protocols. Using a routing table, routers make sure that the data packets are traveling through the best possible paths to reach their destination.

Question 25:

Identify the type of topology from the following:

(a) Each node is connected with the help of a single cable
(b) Each node is connected with the help of independent cables with central switching.

Answer:
(a) Bus topology
(b) Star topology

Question 26:

What is the difference between LAN and MAN?

Answer:
LAN: Local Area Network. The diameter is not more than a single building.
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network. LAN spans a few kilometers while MAN spans 5-50 km in diameter and is larger than a WAN.

Short Answer Type Questions-I [2 marks each]

Question 1:

Write any 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of Bus topology.

Answer:
Advantage: Since there is a single common data path connecting all the nodes, the bus topology uses a very short cable length which considerably reduces the installation cost.
Disadvantage: Fault detection and isolation is difficult. This is because control of the network is not centralized in any particular node. If a node is faulty on the bus, detection of fault may have to be performed at many points on the network. The faulty node has then to be rectified at that connection point.

Question 2:

SunRise Pvt. Ltd. is setting up the network in Ahmedabad. There are four departments named as MrktDept, FinDept, LegalDept, SalesDept. Distance between various buildings is as given:

MrktDept to FinDept: 80 m
MrktDept to LegalDept: 180 m
MrktDept to SalesDept: 100 m
LegalDept to SalesDept: 150 m
LegalDept to FinDept: 100 m
FinDept to SalesDept: 50 m

Number of Computers in the buildings:

MrktDept: 20
LegalDept: 10
FinDept: 08
SalesDept: 42

(i) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the Departments and specify the topology.
Star Topology should be used.

(ii) Suggest the most suitable building to place the server by giving suitable reason.
As per the 80 – 20 rule, server should be placed in MrktDept because it has the maximum number of computers.

(iii) Suggest the placement of (i) modem (ii) Hub/ Switch in the network.
Each building should have a hub/switch and modem in case Internet connection is required.

(iv) The organization is planning to link its sale counter situated in various parts of the same city, which type of network out of LAN, WAN, MAN will be formed? Justify.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) as MAN network can be carried out in a city network.

Question 3:

Name the protocol:

- (i) Used to transfer voice using packet-switched network.

Answer: VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)

- (ii) Used for chatting between 2 groups or between 2 individuals.

Answer: IRC (Internet Relay Chat)

Question 4:

What is an IP Address?

Answer:
IP address is a unique identifier for a node or host connection on an IP network. An IP address is a 32-bit binary number usually represented as 4 decimal values, each representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 (known as octets) separated by decimal points. This is known as “dotted decimal” notation.
Example: 140.179.220.200

Question 5:

What is HTTP?

Answer:
HTTP is a protocol that is used for transferring hypertext (i.e., text, graphics, image, sound, video, etc.) between 2 computers and is particularly used on the World Wide Web (WWW).

Question 6:

Explain the importance of Cookies.

Answer:
When the user browses a website, the web server sends a text file to the web browser. This small text file is a cookie. They are usually used to track the pages that we visit so that information can be customized for us for that visit.

Question 7:

How is 4G different from 3G?

Answer:
3G technology adds multimedia facilities such as video, audio, and graphics applications whereas 4G will provide better than TV quality images and video-links.

Question 8:

Illustrate the layout for connecting 5 computers in a Bus and a Star topology of Networks.

Answer:
Bus Topology:
[Illustration of Bus Topology]
Star Topology:
[Illustration of Star Topology]

Question 10: Differentiate between FTP and HTTP

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)	HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
Used to transfer files over the Internet.	Used to transfer hypertext (text, graphics, images, sound, etc.) between two computers on the World Wide Web (WWW).
FTP can be used for transferring large files.	HTTP is primarily used for browsing web pages.

Question 11: Which is the fastest wired and wireless medium of communication?

Medium	Type	Fastest Communication Medium
Wired	Optical Fiber	Optical Fiber
Wireless	Infrared	Infrared or Microwave

Question 12: What is a worm? How is it removed?

Answer: A worm is a self-replicating computer program that uses a network to send copies of itself to other computers without user intervention.
Removal: Worms can be removed by most common anti-virus (anti-worm) software.

Question 13: Out of the following, which all comes under cybercrime?

Option	Cybercrime?
(i) Stealing a brand-new computer from a showroom.	No
(ii) Getting into someone’s social networking account without their consent and posting pictures on their behalf.	Yes
(iii) Secretly copying files from a server of a call center and selling them to another organization.	Yes
(iv) Viewing sites on an internet browser.	No

Question 14: Perfect Edu Services Ltd.

i. Most appropriate location of the server in Chennai campus:

Answer: The ADMIN building is the best choice due to the maximum number of computers. Alternatively, MEDIA is also an option due to its proximity to other buildings.

ii. Cable layout to connect various buildings (star topology):

                [Computer 1]
                   |
                [Hub/Switch]
                   |
  [Computer 2] ---|--- [Computer 3]
                   |
                [Computer 4]

iii. Hardware device for protecting and controlling internet use:

Answer: A Firewall or Router is ideal for controlling access and protecting the network.

iv. Online face-to-face communication between Chennai and Delhi:

Answer: Video Conferencing using VoIP or Cable TV for high-speed data transmission.

Question 15: What kind of data gets stored in cookies and how is it useful?

Answer: Cookies store small text files containing information about the browser or user session. They help websites remember preferences, login information, or browsing history, improving the user experience by personalizing content.

Question 16: Differentiate between packet switching and message switching

Packet Switching	Message Switching
Follows store-and-forward principle for fixed-size packets.	Follows store-and-forward principle for entire messages.
The packet size is limited.	No limit on message size.
More efficient for handling smaller, faster transmissions.	Used for larger data transfers but can introduce more delays.

Question 17: Which is the fastest wired and wireless medium of communication?

Medium	Type	Fastest Communication Medium
Wired	Optical Fiber	Optical Fiber
Wireless	Infrared	Infrared or Microwave

Question 18: What is a Trojan Horse?

Answer: A Trojan Horse is a malicious program disguised as legitimate software. It causes harm to the system, such as data theft or system damage, once executed.

Question 19: Out of the following, which all comes under cybercrime?

Option	Cybercrime?
Stealing a brand-new hard disk from a showroom.	No
Getting into someone’s social networking account without their consent and posting on their behalf.	Yes
Secretly copying data from the server of an organization and selling it to another organization.	Yes
Looking at online activities of a friend\’s blog.	No

Question 20: Write any two differences between twisted pair and coaxial pair cable.

Twisted Pair	Co-axial Cable
Has lower bandwidth compared to coaxial cables.	Has higher bandwidth than twisted pair cables.
Consists of two copper wires twisted around each other.	Consists of a copper wire core, covered with insulating material, and a layer of conducting material.

Question 21: Write one advantage of Bus Topology of network, also illustrate how 4 computers can be connected with each other using star topology of network.

Advantage of Bus Topology:

Answer: Requires the least amount of cable compared to other network topologies.

Illustration of Star Topology with 4 Computers:

                [Computer 1]
                   |
                [Hub/Switch]
                   |
  [Computer 2] ---|--- [Computer 3]
                   |
                [Computer 4]

Short Answer Type Question-II [3 marks]

Question 1:

Uplifting Skills Hub India is a knowledge and skill community which aims to uplift the standard of knowledge and skills in society. They are planning to set up training centers in multiple towns and villages pan India with head offices in the nearest cities. The network consultant is tasked with suggesting the best network-related solutions for their issues/problems based on the following details.

Shortest distance between various locations:

Location	Distance
VILLAGE 1 to B_TOWN	2 KM
VILLAGE 2 to B_TOWN	1.0 KM
VILLAGE 3 to B_TOWN	1.5 KM
VILLAGE 1 to VILLAGE 2	3.5 KM
VILLAGE 1 to VILLAGE 3	4.5 KM
VILLAGE 2 to VILLAGE 3	2.5 KM
A CITY Head Office to B HUB	25 KM

Number of Computers Installed at Various Locations:

Location	Number of Computers
B_TOWN	120
VILLAGE 1	15
VILLAGE 2	10
VILLAGE 3	15
A CITY OFFICE	6

Answers:

Location of the Server: The best location for the server would be B-TOWN as it has the maximum number of computers (120). This will allow for better connectivity and resource sharing among the other locations.

Wired Medium and Cable Layout: The best wired medium would be Optical Fibre for its high-speed data transfer capabilities and low latency. The cable layout for efficient connectivity would look like this:

                    [VILLAGE 1]
                        |
                     [Optical Fibre]
                        |
                [B-TOWN (Server)]
                        |
                     [Optical Fibre]
                        |
                    [VILLAGE 2]
                        |
                     [Optical Fibre]
                        |
                    [VILLAGE 3]
                        |
                     [Optical Fibre]
                        |
                [A CITY OFFICE]

Hardware Device: A Switch would be the most appropriate hardware device to connect all the computers within each location of B_HUB. The switch allows for efficient data transfer within the network and is scalable for future growth.
Service/Protocol for Live Interactions: The most helpful service/protocol for conducting live interactions between experts from the Head Office and people at all locations of B_HUB would be VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). VoIP allows for real-time communication and is cost-effective for live interactions.

Long Answer Type Questions [4 marks each]

Question 1:

Indian School in Mumbai is starting up the network between its different wings. There are Four Buildings named as SENIOR, JUNIOR, ADMIN and HOSTEL as shown below. The distance between various buildings is as follows:

ADMIN TO SENIOR: 200m
ADMIN TO JUNIOR: 150m
ADMIN TO HOSTEL: 50m
SENIOR TO JUNIOR: 250m
SENIOR TO HOSTEL: 350m
JUNIOR TO HOSTEL: 350m

Number of Computers in Each Building:

SENIOR: 130
JUNIOR: 80
ADMIN: 160
HOSTEL: 50

(b1) Suggest the cable layout of connections between the buildings.

Answer: Based on the distances and number of computers, a star topology is recommended for the school’s network setup. The ADMIN building can act as the central hub, and each other building (SENIOR, JUNIOR, HOSTEL) can be connected to ADMIN via cables.

(b2) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e., building) to house the server of this school, provide a suitable reason.

Answer: The server should be housed in the ADMIN building as it has the maximum number of computers (160), ensuring efficient resource access and management for the largest number of users.

(b3) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification, i) Repeater i) Hub/Switch

Answer: The Repeater can be placed between the ADMIN and SENIOR buildings as the distance is more than 110m. A Hub/Switch should be installed in each building to ensure efficient data distribution to all connected computers.

(b4) The organisation also has inquiry office in another city about 50-60 km away in a hilly region. Suggest the suitable transmission media to interconnect to school and inquiry office out of the following: i) Fiber optic cable, i) Microwave, i) Radiowave

Answer: Radiowaves are suitable for hilly regions as they can travel through obstacles, making them the best choice for interconnecting the school with its inquiry office in a hilly area.

Question 2:

Vidya Senior Secondary Public School in Nainital is setting up the network between its different wings. There are 4 wings named as SENIOR(S), JUNIOR(J), ADMIN(A) and HOSTEL(H). Distance between various wings are given below:

Wing A to Wing S: 100 m
Wing A to Wing J: 200 m
Wing A to Wing H: 400 m
Wing S to Wing J: 300 m
Wing S to Wing H: 100 m
Wing J to Wing H: 450 m

Wing Number of Computers:

Wing A: 20
Wing S: 150
Wing J: 50
Wing H: 25

(ii) Name the most suitable wing where the Server should be installed. Justify your answer.

Answer: The server should be installed in Wing S (Senior Wing) as it has the maximum number of computers (150), ensuring it serves the largest number of users efficiently.

(iii) Suggest where all Hub(s)/Switch(es) should be placed in the network.

Answer: Hub/switches should be placed in each wing (A, S, J, H) as each wing has more than one computer that needs to be connected efficiently.

(iv) Which communication medium would you suggest to connect this school with its main branch in Delhi?

Answer: Since the distance between the school and its main branch in Delhi is significant, wireless transmission using radiowaves would be a better solution as they are reliable and can travel through obstacles.

Question 3:

Trine Tech Corporation (TTC) is a professional consultancy company. The company is planning to set up their new offices in India with its hub at Hyderabad. The queries are mentioned as (i) to (iv) below:

Human Resource to Conference: 110 m
Human Resource to Finance: 40 m
Conference to Finance: 80 m

Expected Number of Computers:

Human Resource: 25
Finance: 120
Conference: 90

What will be the most appropriate block, where TTC should plan to install their server?

Answer: The server should be installed in the Finance block, as it has the maximum number of computers (120), ensuring the largest number of users can access the server efficiently.

Draw a block diagram showing cable layout to connect all the buildings in the most appropriate manner for efficient communication.

Answer: The most efficient layout would be a star topology with the Finance block as the central hub. The Human Resource and Conference blocks can be connected to the Finance block via cables.

What will be the best possible connectivity out of the following, you will suggest to connect the new setup of offices in Bangalore with its London-based office?

Satellite Link
Infrared
Ethernet Cable

Answer: A satellite link would be the best choice as it can handle long distances and provide reliable connectivity between the Bangalore and London offices.

Which of the following devices will be suggested by you to connect each computer in each of the buildings?

Switch
Modem
Gateway

Answer: A switch should be used to connect each computer in each building to ensure efficient data transfer and network connectivity.

Question 4:

Tech Up Corporation (TUC) is a professional consultancy company. The company is planning to set up their new offices in India with its hub at Hyderabad. The queries are mentioned as (i) to (iv) below:

Human Resource to Conference: 60 m
Human Resource to Finance: 120 m
Conference to Finance: 80 m

Expected Number of Computers:

Human Resource: 25
Finance: 120
Conference: 90

What will be the most appropriate block, where TUC should plan to install their server?

Answer: The server should be installed in the Human Resource block as it has the maximum number of computers (120), ensuring the largest number of users can access the server efficiently.

Draw a block to block cable layout to connect all the buildings in the most appropriate manner for efficient communication.

Answer: The most efficient layout would be a star topology with the Human Resource block as the central hub. The Finance and Conference blocks can be connected to the Human Resource block via cables.

What will be the best possible connectivity out of the following you will suggest to connect the new setup of offices in Bangalore with its London based office?

Infrared
Satellite Link
Ethernet Cable

Answer: A satellite link would be the best option for connecting the offices in Bangalore and London due to the long distance involved.

Which of the following devices will be suggested by you to connect each computer in each of the buildings?

Gateway
Switch
Modem

Answer: A switch should be used to connect each computer in each building, ensuring efficient data transfer and network connectivity.

Question 7:

(a) Difference between Domain Name and IP Address

Domain Name	IP Address
Alphanumeric address of a resource over a network, such as www.example.com.	Numeric address of a resource in a network, such as 102.112.0.153.

(b) Advantages of using Optical Fibre Cable over Ethernet Cable

Higher Bandwidth: Optical fibre offers higher data transmission rates compared to Ethernet cables.
Longer Distance: Optical fibre can transmit data over longer distances without signal degradation.

(c) EPG Network Setup

1. Most Appropriate Building for Server:

The Faculty Studio Building should host the server due to the high number of computers (120), which will minimize communication delays.

2. Cable Layout:

The recommended topology for connecting the buildings is Bus Topology.

3. Type of Network:

The network formed will be a LAN (Local Area Network) due to the proximity of the buildings.

4. Wireless Channel:

For connecting to students worldwide, Satellite should be opted for.

Question 8:

Link Type for Network Setup

For connecting hospitals in hilly areas, a Radio Link is the most suitable as it works without the need for physical wiring and can handle varied terrains.

Network Type:

The network formed will be a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) due to the geographical area involved.

Consultation Method:

Doctors should consult senior doctors using Video Conferencing for better interaction during consultations.

Email Protocol:

The protocol used to receive emails is POP3.

Cookies in Computer Networks:

Cookies are small data files stored on a user\’s computer, used to store information such as login sessions and preferences.

Script Type for Form Validation:

Form validation is generally handled by a Server-side script to ensure that all form data is correctly processed.

Difference between Freeware and Free Software:

Freeware is software that can be used without cost and with no time limitations, whereas Free Software is often free for only a limited period and might come with usage restrictions.

Question 9:

Most Suitable Server Location:

The RED Building is the best place for the server due to its high number of computers (150), which will reduce communication delays.

Cable Layout:

The recommended topology is Bus Topology.

Device Placement:

Repeater: A repeater should be placed along the routes between buildings to amplify the signal over long distances.
Switch: A switch should be placed in each building to manage the connections between computers.

Cable Type for High-Speed Link:

The most suitable cable type for a high-speed link between buildings is Optical Fibre.

Question 10:

Most Suitable Server Location:

The JAMUNA Building is the most suitable for hosting the server due to the highest number of computers (150).

Cable Layout:

The recommended topology is Bus Topology.

Device Placement:

Repeater: A repeater is needed between buildings to ensure that signals are not lost over long distances.
Switch: A switch should be placed in each building to interconnect computers in that building.

Cable Type for High-Speed Link:

The most suitable cable for connecting the Faridabad campus to the Kolkata head office is Optical Fibre.

Diagrams:

Network Layout for EPG (Buildings and Distances)

$\"Network$

Building to Building Distance for Work Consultants

$\"Building$

Building to Building Distance Table:

From	To	Distance (m)
Administrative Building	Finance Building	60
Finance Building	Recording Studio Building	120
Faculty Studio Building	Administrative Building	70

Question 11: Network Setup for Rehaana Medicos Center

1. Cable Layout of Connections Between the Buildings:

Considering the distances between the buildings and the number of computers in each, the most efficient way to connect the buildings is using a Star Topology with each building connected to a central point (the server in the Research Lab building).

Network Layout for Rehaana Medicos Center (Buildings and Connections)

$\"Network$

2. Most Suitable Building to House the Server:

The Research Lab is the most suitable place to house the server, as it contains the maximum number of computers (100). This will minimize the cable lengths and improve overall network performance.

3. Placement of Devices:

Repeater: In Layout 1, a repeater should be placed between the Accounts and Store buildings due to the large distance (150m) between them. For Layout 2, a repeater should be placed between the Store and Research Lab buildings due to the 180m distance.
Switch/Hub: A Switch or Hub should be placed in each building to interconnect the group of cables from the various computers in that building.

4. System to Prevent Unauthorized Access:

The best system to prevent unauthorized access to or from the network is a Firewall. It acts as a barrier between the internal network and the outside world, preventing unauthorized access and filtering incoming and outgoing traffic based on security rules.

Question 12: Who is a Hacker?

A hacker is a computer enthusiast who uses their computer programming skills to intentionally access a computer without authorization. A hacker typically accesses the computer not to destroy data or maliciously harm the system but to explore, test, or exploit the system\’s vulnerabilities.

Question 13: What is 140.179.220.200?

The number 140.179.220.200 is an IP Address. It is a unique address assigned to computers or devices on a network to identify them and allow them to communicate with each other. This IP address is in IPv4 format and is commonly represented as four decimal values (octets) in the range of 0-255, separated by periods.

Importance of IP Address:

IP addresses are essential for routing data across the internet or within a local network. They help devices identify each other, ensuring the proper transmission of data between systems.

TOPIC-2
Network Security and Web Service
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 mark each]

Question 1: Define firewall.

A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network is called a firewall. It can be implemented in both hardware and software or a combination of both.

Question 2: Write any two examples of Server side Scripts.

Question 3: What is the difference between E-mail & chat?

Chat occurs in near real time, while E-mail doesn’t.
Chat is a 2-way communication which requires the permission of both parties, while E-mail is a 1-way communication.

Question 4: Write names of any two popular open source software, which are used as operating systems.

Kernel
Linux

Question 5: What is the difference between video conferencing and chat?

In video conferencing, more than one person can be included, and it allows text, video, and audio. In contrast, chat is one-to-one communication.

Question 6: Expand the following abbreviations:

Abbreviation	Expansion
HTTP	Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
VOIP	Voice Over Internet Protocol

Question 7: What is the difference between HTTP and FTP?

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) deals with the transfer of text and multimedia content over the internet, while FTP (File Transfer Protocol) deals with the transfer of files over the internet.

Question 8: What out of the following, will you use to have an audio-visual chat with an expert sitting in a far-away place to fix-up a technical issue?

VOIP

Question 9: Name one server side scripting language and one client side scripting language.

Client Side:

JAVASCRIPT
VBSCRIPT

Server Side:

Question 10: Which out of the following comes under cyber crime?

Operating someone’s internet banking account, without his knowledge.

Question 11: Name two proprietary software along with their application.

MS-Office – All office applications (MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS-PowerPoint)
Visual Studio – Visual Basic, Visual C++ software for application development

Question 12: Name some cyber offences under the IT Act.

Tampering with computer source documents
Hacking
Publishing of information which is obscene in electronic form

Question 13: What are the 3 ways of protecting intellectual property?

Patents
Copyrights
Trademark

Question 14: When a user browses a website, the web server sends a text file to the web browser. What is the name of this?

Cookies

Short Answer Type Questions – I [2 mark each]

Question 1: Define the following:

Firewall

A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network is called a firewall. It can be implemented in both hardware and software or a combination of both.

VoIP

Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for delivering voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet.

Question 2: Give the full form of the following terms:

Term	Full Form
XML	Extensible Markup Language
FLOSS	Free-Libre Open Source Software
HTTP	Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
FTP	File Transfer Protocol

Question 3: Differentiate between WORM and VIRUS in Computer terminology.

VIRUS directly affects the system by corrupting the useful data. A computer virus attaches itself to a program or file, enabling it to spread from one computer to another.

WORM is similar to a virus by design and is considered to be a subclass of a virus. A worm spreads from computer to computer, but unlike a virus, it has the capability to travel without any human action.

Question 4: Expand the following:

Abbreviation	Full Form
GSM	Global System for Mobile Communication
GPRS	General Packet Radio Service

Question 5: Expand the following abbreviations:

Abbreviation	Full Form
HTTP	Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
VOIP	Voice Over Internet Protocol

Question 6: Give the full form of:

Term	Full Form
FOSS	Free Open Source Software
HTTP	Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Question 7: Write the full forms of the following:

Abbreviation	Full Form
GNU	GNU’s Not Unix
XML	Extensible Markup Language

Question 8: Expand the following terminologies:

Abbreviation	Full Form
GSM	Global System for Mobile Communication
WLL	Wireless Local Loop

Question 9: Give the full forms of the following terms:

Abbreviation	Full Form
CDMA	Code Division Multiple Access
TDMA	Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA	Frequency Division Multiple Access

Question 10: Expand the following abbreviations:

Abbreviation	Full Form
FTP	File Transfer Protocol
TCP	Transmission Control Protocol
SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
VOIP	Voice Over Internet Protocol

Short Answer Type Questions-II [3 marks each]

Question 1: Give two examples of PAN and LAN type of networks.

Type of Network	Characteristics	Example
PAN (Personal Area Network)	Spans a few meters	Bluetooth using 2 mobiles and laptops sharing files
LAN (Local Area Network)	Spans up to a km	System in a lab in a school, systems at home

Question 2: Which protocol helps us to browse through web pages using internet browsers? Name any one internet browser.

Answer:

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
One internet browser: Google Chrome

Question 3: Write two advantages of 4G over 3G Mobile Telecommunication Technologies in terms of speed and services.

4G has very high data rates, up to 100 Mbps.
4G covers a wider range than 3G.

Question 4: Write two characteristics of Web 2.0.

Web 2.0 has dynamic and interactive websites.
Only the changed part of a web page is reloaded, making it faster.

Class 12 Computer Science (C++) – Chapter 14 Networking and Open Source Concepts

What You Will Learn in Chapter 14

Key Topics Covered

Introduction to Networking

Types of Networks

Network Devices

Network Topologies

OSI Model

Protocols

Introduction to Open Source Software

Benefits of Open Source Software

Popular Open-Source Tools

Licensing Models in Open Source Software

Setting Up a Simple Network

Common Networking Tools

Download PDF – Networking and Open Source Concepts Solutions

Preparation Tips for Networking and Open Source Concepts

Additional Resources

Conclusion

Class 12 Computer Science (C++) – Chapter 14 Networking and Open Source Concepts

TOPIC-1Communication TechnoiogiesVery Short Answer Type Questions [1 mark each]

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Short Answer Type Questions-I [2 marks each]

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Question 10: Differentiate between FTP and HTTP

Question 11: Which is the fastest wired and wireless medium of communication?

Question 12: What is a worm? How is it removed?

Question 13: Out of the following, which all comes under cybercrime?

Question 14: Perfect Edu Services Ltd.

i. Most appropriate location of the server in Chennai campus:

ii. Cable layout to connect various buildings (star topology):

iii. Hardware device for protecting and controlling internet use:

iv. Online face-to-face communication between Chennai and Delhi:

Question 15: What kind of data gets stored in cookies and how is it useful?

Question 16: Differentiate between packet switching and message switching

Question 17: Which is the fastest wired and wireless medium of communication?

Question 18: What is a Trojan Horse?

Question 19: Out of the following, which all comes under cybercrime?

Question 20: Write any two differences between twisted pair and coaxial pair cable.

Question 21: Write one advantage of Bus Topology of network, also illustrate how 4 computers can be connected with each other using star topology of network.

Advantage of Bus Topology:

Illustration of Star Topology with 4 Computers:

Short Answer Type Question-II [3 marks]

Question 1:

Shortest distance between various locations:

Number of Computers Installed at Various Locations:

Answers:

Long Answer Type Questions [4 marks each]

TOPIC-1
Communication Technoiogies
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 mark each]

TOPIC-2
Network Security and Web Service
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 mark each]