Chapter 11: Biotechnology Principles and Processes Class 12 Biology NCERT Solutions

Grasp the concepts of genetic engineering, cloning, and vectors through Chapter 11 NCERT Solutions. Download free PDFs and prepare smartly. Scroll down for complete exercise solutions.

What You Will Learn in Chapter 11 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

This chapter covers the fundamental principles of biotechnology, its processes, and the tools used in biotechnological applications. Students will also learn about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the role of biotechnology in the production of insulin, vaccines, and other valuable products.

Key Topics Covered:

  1. Biotechnology – Introduction

    • Overview of biotechnology and its applications.

    • The role of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, and industry.

  2. Principles of Biotechnology

    • Concepts of recombinant DNA technology.

    • Tools used in biotechnology, including enzymes, vectors, and techniques like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).

  3. Process of Biotechnology

    • The general steps involved in recombinant DNA technology: isolation of genetic material, cutting and pasting of DNA, transformation, and expression of recombinant genes.

    • Methods of producing genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

    • Application of bioreactors in industrial production.

  4. Applications of Biotechnology

    • In Medicine: Production of recombinant insulin, growth hormones, and vaccines.

    • In Agriculture: Genetically modified crops, pest-resistant plants, and the enhancement of crop yields.

    • In Industry: Enzymes, biofuels, and bioprocessing.

  5. Biotechnology and Society

    • Ethical issues surrounding the use of genetically modified organisms.

    • Regulatory frameworks for the approval and commercialization of biotechnological products.

Why Use Our NCERT Solutions for Chapter 11?

Our NCERT solutions are designed to help you understand the complex concepts of biotechnology in a simplified manner. With step-by-step explanations, diagrams, and real-world examples, you will be well-prepared for your exams as well as for future studies in biotechnology and related fields.

Highlights of Our Solutions:

  • In-depth explanations of key principles and processes of biotechnology.

  • Clear and concise answers for all Intext and Exercise questions.

  • Labeled diagrams to enhance understanding of biotechnological processes like recombinant DNA technology.

  • Real-life applications of biotechnology for better concept retention.

  • Important keywords and definitions highlighted for quick reference.

NCERT Solutions for Chapter 11 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes (Intext + Exercise)

Intext Questions:

  • Comprehensive answers to all concept-checking Intext Questions

  • Detailed explanations of the tools and techniques used in biotechnology.

  • Clear answers about the steps involved in recombinant DNA technology and genetic modification.

Exercise Questions (Q.1 to Q.14):

  • Fully solved Exercise Questions with step-by-step guidance.

  • Focus on applications of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, and industry.

  • Diagrams and charts to help visualize biotechnological processes like gene cloning and PCR.

Download Chapter 11 Solutions PDF – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Download the PDF for easy offline access to all the NCERT solutions for Chapter 11. This is perfect for quick revisions and as a reference during exam preparations.

What’s Inside the PDF:

  • Well-organized solutions to Intext and Exercise questions.

  • High-quality diagrams to aid in understanding complex concepts.

  • Clear and concise explanations of biotechnological processes.

Recommended Preparation Tips:

  • Understand the steps of recombinant DNA technology, including DNA isolation, cutting, ligation, and transformation.

  • Practice drawing and labeling the tools used in biotechnology such as plasmids, vectors, and restriction enzymes.

  • Revise applications of biotechnology in different fields, including medicine, agriculture, and industry.

  • Stay updated on ethical issues related to the use of GMOs and biotechnology in society.

Additional Study Resources:

  • Class 12 Biology Notes – Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

  • NCERT Exemplar Solutions for additional practice on biotechnology-related questions.

  • Previous Year NEET & CBSE Questions based on this chapter.

  • Quick Revision Charts & Flashcards for biotechnology terms and processes.

  • Video Tutorials for better understanding of complex biotechnology processes.

Mastering Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

By understanding the key principles and processes of biotechnology, students gain insight into how this field is transforming medicine, agriculture, and industry. With our detailed NCERT solutions, diagrams, and summaries, you will be well-equipped to handle any question in your board exams or entrance tests like NEET.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Question 1. Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice?

Answer:

  • Human insulin – Treatment of Diabetes
  • Human growth hormone – Treatment of Dwarfism
  • Blood clotting factor VIII/IX – Treatment of Haemophilia
  • Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) – Treatment of Heart attack and Stroke
  • Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) – Stimulates wound healing
  • Interferon – Treatment of Viral infections
  • Interleukin – Enhances immune response
  • Hepatitis B vaccine – Prevention of Hepatitis infection
  • Herpes vaccine – Prevention of Herpes virus infection
  • DNase I – Treatment of Cystic fibrosis

Question 2. Make a chart showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA, and the product it produces.

Answer:

Restriction Enzyme Substrate DNA Recognition Site Product
BamHI Double-stranded DNA 5′-GGATCC-3′ Sticky ends with overhangs

Question 3. From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size?

Answer: DNA is bigger in molecular size compared to enzymes. DNA molecules contain genetic instructions to synthesize many proteins, while each protein (enzyme) is coded by a small segment of DNA (gene).

Question 4. What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell?

Answer: The molar concentration of DNA in a human cell is approximately 2 mg/ml of cell extract.

Question 5. Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases?

Answer: No, eukaryotic cells do not have restriction endonucleases. These enzymes are found only in bacteria, where they protect against foreign DNA by cutting it. Eukaryotic DNA is heavily methylated, preventing the action of such enzymes.

Question 6. Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?

Answer:

  • Control over temperature, pH, and oxygen levels.
  • Foam control system and sterile conditions.
  • Periodic sampling without contamination.
  • Higher yield and efficient large-scale production.

Question 7. Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences.

Answer: Examples of palindromic DNA sequences:

  • 5′-GGATCC-3′ / 3′-CCTAGG-5′
  • 5′-AAGCTT-3′ / 3′-TTCGAA-5′
  • 5′-ACGCGT-3′ / 3′-TGCGCA-5′
  • 5′-ACTAGT-3′ / 3′-TGATCA-5′
  • 5′-AGGCCT-3′ / 3′-TCCGGA-5′

Question 8. Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?

Answer: Recombinant DNA is formed during the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis through crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

Question 9. How can a reporter enzyme be used to monitor transformation of host cells?

Answer: A reporter enzyme like β-galactosidase can indicate successful transformation. Cells with foreign DNA disrupt the lacZ gene and produce white colonies, while non-transformed cells produce blue colonies on media with chromogenic substrates like X-gal.

Question 10. Describe briefly the following:

  • (a) Origin of replication: It is a DNA sequence from where replication begins. It controls the copy number of inserted DNA and is necessary for cloning vectors to function in host cells.
  • (b) Bioreactors: Bioreactors are vessels that provide optimal conditions (temperature, pH, oxygen, foam control) for large-scale production of biological products using microorganisms or cells.
  • (c) Downstream Processing: It refers to the recovery, purification, and formulation of biotechnological products after production, followed by clinical trials if needed.

Question 11. Explain briefly:

  • (a) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): A technique to amplify a specific DNA segment through cycles of denaturation, primer annealing, and extension using Taq polymerase.
  • (b) Restriction Enzymes and DNA: Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specific recognition sequences, helping in genetic engineering by creating sticky or blunt ends.
  • (c) Chitinase: Chitinase is an enzyme that breaks down fungal cell walls by degrading chitin, useful in creating fungal transformations.